Effect Of Levonorgestrel-releasing Intrauterine System Research Articles

P-751 Comparing levonorgestrel intrauterine system versus hysteroscopic niche resection in women with postmenstrual spotting related to a niche in the uterine caesarean scar

Abstract Study question To compare the effectiveness of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS 52mg) with hysteroscopic niche resection in the reduction of niche-related postmenstrual spotting. Summary answer In women with niche-related postmenstrual spotting, LNG-IUS did not more often reduce spotting days with 50% at 6th month than hysteroscopic niche resection. What is known already Both Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and hysteroscopic niche resection are widely implemented to reduce niche-related postmenstrual spotting. The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of LNG-IUS 52mg with hysteroscopic niche resection in the reduction of niche-related postmenstrual spotting. Study design, size, duration A randomised, open-label, controlled trial conducted at one medical center in Shanghai, China. From September 2019 to January 2022, we randomised 208 women to LNG-IUS (N = 104) or hysteroscopic niche resection (N = 104).The primary outcome was reduction of postmenstrual spotting at 6th month after randomisation, defined as percentage of women with a reduction of at least 50% in spotting days from baseline. Efficacy and safety were assessed by an intention-to-treat analyses. Participants/materials, setting, methods Women with symptoms of postmenstrual spotting after CS, with a niche depth of at least 2 mm and residual myometrium of at least 2.2mm on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and no intention to conceive within the next year were randomly assigned to treatment with LNG-IUS 52mg or a hysteroscopic niche resection. Main results and the role of chance At 6th month follow-up, a 50% reduction of spotting had occurred in 78.4% (80/102) women in the LNG-IUS group and 73.1% (76/104) women in the hysteroscopic niche resection group (RR = 1.07, [95%CI 0.92-1.25]; P = 0.370). Spotting reduced over time (Ptrend=0.001), with a stronger reduction in the LNG-IUS group (P = 0.001), while there was also a significant interaction between time and treatment (P = 0.007). From nine months onwards, reduction of spotting occurred significantly more after LNG-IUS than hysteroscopic niche resection (9th month 89.2% vs. 72.1%, RR = 1.24, [95% CI 1.08-1.42]; 12th month 90.2% vs. 70.2%, RR = 1.29, [95% CI 1.12-1.48]). Moreover, compared with the hysteroscopic niche resection group, the LNG-IUS group had significantly fewer postmenstrual spotting days and total bleeding days from six months onwards (all P < 0.001), and less pelvic pain from three months onwards (all P < 0.010). Intervention-related complications were not reported in any of the groups. During follow-up, eleven (10.8%) women reported hormonal related side-effects and two (2.0%) women had spontaneous partial expulsion in the LNG-IUS group, while in the hysteroscopic niche resection group three unintended pregnancies were reported. Limitations, reasons for caution Due to the nature of the intervention, it was not possible to blind participants and gynaecologists for treatment allocation.The cut-off value chosen for our primary outcome and the moment of assessment for our primary endpoint can both be debated. Wider implications of the findings LNG-IUS provides an alternative treatment for women with niche-related gynaecological symptoms and no active desire to become pregnant. Trial registration number Chinese Clinical Research Center (ChiCTR1900025677)

The role of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for recurrence prevention after conservative surgery among patients with coexistent ovarian endometrioma and diffuse adenomyosis: A retrospective case control study with long-term follow up.

When ovarian endometrioma coexist with adenomyosis, the risk of postoperative recurrence increased. How is the effect of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) on symptomatic recurrence for those patients was unknown. This study retrospectively analyzed 119 women with coexistent endometrioma and diffuse adenomyosis who received laparoscopic excision of pelvic endometriosis from January 2009 to April 2013. Women were categorized into two groups: intervention group with LNG-IUS and control group with expectant observation after surgery. Data were compared in terms of preoperative history, laboratory and intraoperative findings, and clinical outcomes during follow-up, including pain regression, changes in uterine volume and recurrence. During a median 79 months (range, 6-107) of follow-up, patients with LNG-IUS experienced a significantly lower symptomatic recurrence of either ovarian endometrioma or dysmenorrhea (11.1% vs. 31.1%, p=0.013), compared with women under expectant observation by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (χ2=5.448, p=0.020) and Cox univariate assessment (hazard ratio of 0.336, 95% confidence interval 0.128-0.885, p=0.027). Patients treated with LNG-IUS demonstrated a more prominent reduction in uterine volume (-14.1±20.9vs. 8.7±48.8, p=0.003) and higher percentage of complete pain remission (95.6% vs. 86.5%). For multivariate analysis, use of LNG-IUS (aHR 0.159, 95%CI 0.033-0.760, p=0.021) and severity of dysmenorrhea (aHR 4.238, 95%CI 1.191-15.082, p=0.026) were two independent factors associated with overall recurrence. Postoperative insertion of LNG-IUS may prevent recurrence in symptomatic women with comorbidity of ovarian endometrioma and diffuse adenomyosis.

Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System Improves Menorrhagia-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Symptomatic Adenomyosis.

Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) relieves dysmenorrhea and heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) in adenomyosis. However, its efficacy on health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in patients with symptomatic adenomyosis remains unclear. The menorrhagia multi-attribute scale (MMAS), which measures HR-QOL improvement through the treatment of HMB, has never been used for evaluating menorrhagia-specific HR-QOL in patients with symptomatic adenomyosis. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the efficacy of LNG-IUS in improving menorrhagia-specific HR-QOL in these patients using the MMAS. The participants were diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging. We also assessed the relationships between menorrhagia-specific HR-QOL, blood hemoglobin levels, and the degree of dysmenorrhea before and during LNG-IUS treatment. The LNG-IUS treatment improved the menorrhagia-specific HR-QOL more effectively in incipienttype adenomyosis than in advanced type adenomyosis. The efficacy of LNG-IUS treatment on dysmenorrhea evaluated by the visual analog scale score tended to be better in the incipient type than in the advanced type. By the treatment of LNG-IUS, the blood hemoglobin level was not improved in the advanced type but in the incipient type. Furthermore, dysmenorrhea and HMB-related anemia were associated with HR-QOL impairment, and LNG-IUS treatment may improve the HR-QOL by relieving the symptoms. In conclusion, the effectiveness of LNG-IUS on HR-QOL is decreased by advanced adenomyosis. Thus, magnetic resonance imaging use should be reinforced to predict LNG-IUS efficacy in improving the HR-QOL of patients with adenomyosis.

Effectiveness of Levonorgestrel Releasing Intrauterine System in Perimenopausal Women with Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: A Prospective Study at a Teaching Hospital in India.

To evaluate the effect of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) on heavy menstrual bleeding in perimenopausal women. This was a prospective, observational clinical study conducted on 42 perimenopausal women with heavy menstrual bleeding who met the study eligibility criteria. LNG-IUS was inserted in the postmenstrual phase following baseline evaluation. The patients were followed up at the 4, 12, and 24 weeks. Pictorial blood assessment chart (PBAC) score, hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels, and endometrial thickness were assessed before insertion and during the follow-up visits. Two patients (4.8%) were lost to follow-up, three patients (7.1%) opted for hysterectomy, two women (4.8%) experienced spontaneous expulsion and 35 (83.3%) women continued the usage. Menstrual blood loss assessed using the median PBAC score (interquartile range) significantly reduced (P < 0.001) from the pre-insertion level of 280 (246-306) to 124 (60-200) at 4 weeks to 45 (34-76) at 12 weeks and further to 32 (20-50) at the end of 24 weeks. Simultaneously, a significant (P < 0.001) improvement in the mean hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels and a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in endometrial thickness were observed. The most common side effect was spotting (50.0%) and vaginal discharge (38.1%). LNG-IUS causes a remarkable reduction in menstrual blood loss and marked improvement in dysmenorrhea. It also reduces anemia by improving the hemoglobin and ferritin levels. Thus, it can serve as an effective treatment option for heavy menstrual bleeding in perimenopausal women and prevent the need for a hysterectomy.

The effect of a single session of videogame-training on balance performance in children with cerebral palsy

Endometrial hyperplasia is associated with varying risk of endometrial cancer. The aim of this review is to assess effectiveness of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS), compared to systemic progestins, in management of endometrial hyperplasiaA search on studies comparing LNG-IUS to systemic progestins was conducted on Scopus, Web of science, Cochrane, PubMed and Embase databases, from the date of inception to September 20th, 2020. Studies were excluded if they were non-comparative, animal studies, review articles, case reports, case series, and conference papers. Primary outcomes include resolution/regression rate, failure rate, and hysterectomy rate. Analysis was pooled using random effect model and was expressed as pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Quality assessment was performed using Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) assessment tool. MOGGE Meta-analysis Matrix was used to illustrate multiple subgroup analyses.Out of 341 studies retrieved from literature search, 12 were eligible. LNG-IUS yielded significantly higher resolution/regression rate (91.3% vs 68.6%, OR 3.42, 95% CI 1.86-6.30). Failure and hysterectomy rates were significantly lower in LNG-IUS group compared to systemic progestins’ group (19.2% vs. 32.3%, OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.20-0.57 and 9.3% vs. 24.1%, OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.29-0.57, respectively). Subgroup analysis of studies including complex hyperplasia only did not show significant difference in resolution/regression rate was not statistically significant.LNG-IUS is associated with high success rate in management of women with endometrial hyperplasia. However, specific effectiveness of LNG-IUS on more advanced histologic subtypes is less studied.

Effects of LNG-IUS on sexual function and sexual quality in women of childbearing age

Objective: To investigate the effects of levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) on sexual function and sexual quality in women of childbearing age. Methods: A total of 203 healthy women who were using IUD for long-term contraception were enrolled in the study. Among them, 130 were placed LNG-IUS as the study group and 73 were placed the copper intrauterine devices (Cu-IUDs) as the control group. The two groups were further divided into three subgroups by age. The basic information and questionnaires were adopted before and 2 years after using IUDs, including age, the time of using IUD, side-effects after using IUD, frequency and satisfaction of sex after using IUD. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was evaluated on 2 years after. Results: In the 30-39 age subgroup, the frequency of sex was significantly decreased after using LNG-IUS (P<0.05). Rests of the subgroup shows no significantly different in the frequency of sex (P>0.05). The sexual satisfaction in all subgroups also shows no significantly different before and after using IUDs (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the individual score and total scores of FSFI between the study group and control group (P>0.05). Conclusion: The LNG-IUS has no adverse effects on female sexual function and sexual quality in the reproductive age.

Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Epidemiological studies have shown that some hormonal contraceptive methods are associated with increased breast cancer risk, especially if used over long periods. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on the risk of breast cancer development in women using the 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS). We performed a thorough review of peer-reviewed publications from 10 January 1999, through 31 July 2019, using combinations of search terms for breast cancer risk and LNG-IUS in the Medline, EMBASE, LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature), and Scielo databases. This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42017059076). Studies reporting breast cancer risk estimates among healthy users of LNG-IUS were included according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis) criteria. Two authors performed data extraction, and a third author resolved disagreements. The quality of evidence was evaluated using the Downs and Black instrument. A funnel plot was generated, and a linear regression test of funnel plot asymmetry was used to assess publication bias. Finally, we performed a random-effects model (owing to high study heterogeneity) meta-analysis of seven suitable studies, stratified by the age distribution of patients (<50years, ≥50years, and mixed). We identified 96 studies and manually cross-referenced and excluded duplicate articles. Seventy articles were excluded on the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in the assessment of 26 full-text articles. Eight articles were considered adequate for inclusion in this systematic review, and seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. Three publications were case-control studies and five were cohort studies. According to the Downs and Black instrument, 5 studies were rated as "good" and 3 studies were deemed "fair". Our meta-analysis results indicated increased breast cancer risk in LNG-IUS users: for all women, odds ratio (OR)=1.16 (95% CI 1.06-1.28, I2 =78%, P<.01); for women aged <50years, OR=1.12 (95% CI 1.02-1.22, I2 =66%, P=.02); and for women aged ≥50years, OR=1.52 (95% CI 1.34-1.72, I2 =0%, P=.84). Current evidence suggests that LNG-IUS users have an increased breast cancer risk regardless of age and indication. The effect of LNG-IUS on breast cancer risk seems to be larger in older users. However, our systematic review detected methodological issues across the available studies, and confounding factors may be responsible for at least a fraction of the risk effects associated with LNG-IUS use. Nevertheless, users of LNG-IUS should be aware of these trends. We believe that caution is needed, and risks should be balanced against proven health benefits (eg effective treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding and avoidance of surgical interventions), when prescribing LNG-IUS for long periods of use, especially in women with other known breast cancer risk factors such as old age, obesity, and familial predisposition.

[Efficacy and adverse effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in treatment of adenomyosis].

To evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena) in the treatment of adenomyosis. The clinical data of 75 patients with adenomyosis who had Mirena insertion in Women's Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine from September 2013 to December 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were followed up to 39 months. The efficacy and adverse effects were assessed. Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart (PBAC) scores were decreased significantly after Mirena insertion both in patients with menorrhea (118±13 vs. 29±33, P<0.01) and normal menstruation (82±15 vs. 14±13, P<0.01); the patients with menorrhea showed a more significant decrease in PBAC score than those with normal menstruation (90±35 vs. 69±19,P<0.01). The visual analogue scale (VAS) score decreased significantly after Mirena insertion compared with pre-treatment[7(6,7) vs. 1(0,2), P<0.01]. The expulsion of Mirena occurred in 18 cases (24.0%); 9 cases (12.0%) had no effect and 28 cases (37.3%) had changes of menstruation patterns. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the expulsion of Mirena was not associated with post-treatment VAS score, PBAC score before and after treatment or menstrual stabilization time (all P>0.05). Mirena is effective and safe in the long term management of adenomyosis, but about one third patients may require further treatment because of the expulsion or ineffectiveness of Mirena.

The effect of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on IGF-I and IGF-IR expression after transcervical resection of polyp

Objective To evaluate the effect of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) expression after transcervical resection of polyp (TCRP). Methods 100 cases of endometrial polyps were selected. The control group (n=50) was treated with TCRP only, while the observation group (n=50) was treated with LNG-IUS after TCRP. The scores of pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBCA), endometrial thickness, recurrence rate, mRNA expression of IGF-I and IGF-IR in endometrial tissue were compared between the two groups. Results At 1, 3, 6, 12 months follow-up, the PBAC score and endometrial thickness of observation group were significantly lower than control group (P<0.05). At 12 months after operation, the mRNA expression levels of IGF-I and IGF-IR in the endometrium of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). After 12 months of follow-up, the recurrence rates of the control group and the observation group were 16.0% (8/50) and 4.0% (2/50), respectively. The recurrence rate of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions TCRP combined with LNG-IUS treatment can significantly reduce EP recurrence, and down-regulation of the mRNA expression of IGF-I and IGF-IR maybe its possible mechanism. Key words: Levonorgestrel; Intrauterine devices, medicated; Endometrial polyp; Hysteroscopy; Insulin-like growth factor I; Receptor, IGF type 1

Acute urticaria: an extremely rare adverse effect of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system as a possible manifestation of progestogen hypersensitivity syndrome.

Acute urticaria: an extremely rare adverse effect of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system as a possible manifestation of progestogen hypersensitivity syndrome.

Effect of Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System on Sexual and Urinary Functions

Effect of Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System on Sexual and Urinary Functions

Treatment strategies for pelvic pain associated with adenomyosis

Objective: To observe the effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) in treatment of chronic pelvic pain associated with adenomyosis (AM) and in prevention of its recurrence.Methods: A prospective continuing study including 180 patients with chronic pelvic pain associated with AM who received insertion of LNG-IUS who were divided into three groups depending on the pain severity. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used for pain assessment before and during the treatment and transvaginal ultrasonic measurement of the uterine size, while various side effects, were observed and recorded.Results: After placement of LNG-IUS, scores of pain and ratio of severe pelvic pain decreased significantly compared with baselines (p < 0.01), the scores of VAS were 9.0 ± 0.8, 6.5 ± 2.8, 4.3 ± 1.8, 3.3 ± 2.2, 2.2 ± 2.1, 2.2 ± 1.8, 1.4 ± 1.6 and 1.3 ± 1.3 at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. During 12 months after placement of LNG-IUS, scores of pain had improved significantly compared with preceding period (p < 0.01). We found no universal dependent factors predicting improvement of pain, which was neither relevant with simultaneous changes of menstruation patterns nor with adverse effects (p > 0.005).Conclusion: The obtained results allowed to confirm the possibility of using LNG-IUS in the treatment of pelvic pain syndrome associated with AM, particularly with mild and moderately severe pelvic pain syndrome. This is a cost effective, reversible and long-term treatment for women with pelvic pain associated with AM, which reduces the need for surgical interventions.

[A prospective cohort study on the impact of placement timing of LNG-IUS for adenomyosis].

To investigate the impact of placement in the procedures of gynecological laparoscopies or routine placement on the effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) for symptomatic adenomyosis in a prospective cohort study. From December, 2006 to December, 2014, patients with adenomyosis diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound in outpatient or inpatient clinics of Peking Union Medical College Hospital received the treatment of LNG-IUS.Before and after placement of LNG-IUS all the parameters were recorded including carrying status of IUS, symptoms and scores of dysmenorrhea, menstruation scores, biochemical indicators, physical parameters, menstruation patterns and adverse effects.Impact of placement timing (in the procedures of laparoscopies vesus routine placement) on the treatment effects, menstruation patterns and adverse effects of LNG-IUS were analyzed. 1 100 patients meet the inclusion criteria, with median age 36 years (20-44 years), median follow-up 35 months (1-108 months), of which 385 cases (35.0%) received LNG-IUS in the procedures of gynecological laparoscopies. Most common indications and pathology outcomes were endometriosis, major of which had deep infiltrating endometriosis. The accumulative carrying ratio of LNG-IUS were 73% and 63% on 60 months for operative patients and non-operative patients respectively (P<0.001), and accumulative take-out ratio were 7.8% and 10.3% (P=0.044). Placement timing of LNG-IUS was the only significant factor related with loss to follow-up (P<0.001) and take-out ratio (P<0.001). Operations and pathological outcome had no significant impact on patients' treatment effects, changes of menstruation patterns, adverse effects in total or in subclass. Placement of LNG-IUS in the procedures of gynecological laparoscopies for symptomatic adenomyosis increased carrying ratio and reduce take-out ratio at patients'request, but didn't influence treatment effects or adverse effects.

[A prospective study on the effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for adenomyosis with menorrhagia].

To investigate treatment effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) for adenomyosis with menorrhea in a prospective study. From December 2006 to December 2014, patients of symptomatic adenomyosis diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound in outpatient or inpatient clinics of Peking Union Medical College Hospital were given the treatment of LNG-IUS. Before and after placement of LNG-IUS, all the patients' parameters were recorded prospectively, including scores of menstruation blood loss, carrying status of IUS, symptoms and scores of dysmenorrhea, biochemical indicators, physical parameters, menstruation patterns and adverse effects. Changes of pictorial chart scores of menstruation and distribution of anemia during follow-up were analyzed. Totally 1 100 women meets inclusion criteria, among which 618 cases (56.18%, 618/1 100) had severe menorrhea, with median follow-up period of 28 months (range 1- 60 months), and accumulative carrying rate of 66% at 60 months follow-up. After placement of LNG-IUS, compared with baselines, pictorial chart scores and ratio of menorrhea had decreased significantly (all P<0.01), the scroes of menstruation were 157±34, 94±35, 70±33, 67±18, 67±20, 65±19, 66±19, 65±21 at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months respectively. During 24 months after placement of LNG-IUS, pictorial chart scores and distribution of anemia had improved significantly compared with preceding period (all P<0.01). We found no dependent factors predicting improvement of pictorial chart scores of menorrhea, which was neither relevant with simultaneous changes of menstruation patterns nor adverse effects (all P>0.05). LNG-IUS is effective for adenomyosis of menorrhea. Improvement of menstruation blood loss is independent on patients characters, menstruation patterns or adverse effects.

[A prospective cohort study on effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for adenomyosis with severe dysmenorrhea].

To investigate treatment effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) for adenomyosis with severe dysmenorrhea in a prospective cohort study. From December 2006 to December 2014, patients of symptomatic adenomyosis diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound in outpatient or inpatient clinics of Peking Union Medical College Hospital were given the treatment of LNG-IUS. Before and after placement of LNG-IUS, all the patients' parameters were recorded prospectively, including symptoms and scores of dysmenorrhea, menstruation scores, biochemical indicators, physical parameters, carrying status of LNG-IUS, menstruation patterns and adverse effects. Changes of scores and patterns of pain during follow-up were analyzed. Totally 1 100 women meets inclusion criteria, among which 640 cases (58.18%, 640/1 100) had severe dysmeorrhea, with median follow-up period of 35 months (range 1-60 months), and accumulative carrying rate of 65% at 60 months follow-up. After placement of LNG-IUS, scores of pain and ratio of severe dysmenorrhea had decreased significantly compared with baselines (all P<0.01), the scroes of visual analog scale (VAS) were 8.1±0.9, 5.5±2.4, 4.6±2.4, 3.3±2.2, 2.2±2.1, 2.2±1.8, 1.4±1.6 and 1.3±1.3 at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months respectively. During 36 months after placement of LNG-IUS, scores of pain had improved significantly compared with preceding period (all P<0.01). We found no universal dependent factors predicting improvement of pain, which was neither relevant with simultaneous changes of menstruation patterns nor adverse effects (all P>0.05). LNG-IUS is effective for adenomyosis of severe dysmenorrhea. Improvement of pain is independent on patients characters, menstruation patterns or adverse effects.

The Effectiveness of Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System in the Treatment of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding.

Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) has been shown to be an effective treatment for patients with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) in many Western studies. The purpose of study was to examine the effectiveness of LNG-IUS in the treatment of Indian women with AUB. We conducted a retrospective observational study of 70 women diagnosed with AUB and treated with LNG-IUS insertion between February 2010 and 2014 at the Department of Gynecology of Sree Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences. Baseline endometrial biopsies were done before insertion of LNG-IUS, and outpatient follow-up with symptom diary was undertaken at 3-month intervals after insertion of LNG-IUS. Primary outcome in the two treatment groups was significantly greater among women assigned to levonorgestrel-IUS than among those assigned to usual treatment (mean difference in scores over the course of 1year 13.4 points; 95% confidence interval [CI] 9.9-16.9; P<0.001). All six domains of the MMAS favored the levonorgestrel-IUS at every time point (P<0.001) with the use of a test for trend. In conclusion, our study showed that both the levonorgestrel-IUS and usual medical treatments reduced the adverse effect of menorrhagia on women's lives over the course of 2years, but the levonorgestrel-IUS was the more effective first choice, as assessed by the impact of bleeding on the women's quality of life.

Effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on lymphangiogenesis of adenomyosis.

Lymphangiogenesis may be involved in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis. We investigated the lymphatic vessels of patients with adenomyosis, including those treated with levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS). Full-thickness uterine samples were obtained from patients who received hysterectomies. Twenty-one patients with adenomyosis and 17 patients with adenomyosis who were treated with LNG-IUS were included. Eighteen patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia served as controls. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with antibodies against podoplanin and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1. The lymphovascular density (LVD) was analyzed in each sample by the "hot spot" method. The LVDs were significantly higher in the endometrial and myometrial tissues of patients with adenomyosis compared with those of patients treated with the LNG-IUS or controls. No significant differences were noted between the LNG-IUS-treated group and controls. Evaluation of the LVDs according to the menstrual cycle showed that the differences in the endometrial tissues of the adenomyosis group and those of the LNG-IUS-treated group or the controls were more prominent during the secretory phase. Treatment with the LNG-IUS resulted in reduced lymphangiogenesis and LVD in the endometrial and myometrial tissues of patients with adenomyosis. Reduced lymphangiogenesis may be one mechanism by which the LNG-IUS reduces adenomyosis-related symptoms.

Effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on the expression of steroid receptor coregulators TIF-2, AIB-1 and ncor in adenomyosis

In the present study, the expressions of steroid receptor coregulators, transcriptional intermediary factor-2 (TIF-2), amplified in breast cancer-1 (AIB-1) and nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) in endometrial tissues from control group, untreated adenomyosis group and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS)-treated adenomyosis group are immunohistochemically evaluated.

Effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and T380A intrauterine copper device on dysmenorrhea and days of bleeding in women with and without adenomyosis

BackgroundThe study was conducted to compare the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and Copper T380A intrauterine device (IUD) in women with and without adenomyosis and to investigate the effects on menstruation and dysmenorrhea. Study DesignWomen diagnosed as having adenomyosis on transvaginal ultrasound were assigned to receive LNG-IUS (Group 1, n=23), and women seeking contraception were assigned to receive either LNG-IUS (Group 2, n=25) or Copper T380A IUD (Group 3, n=26) for 12 months. ResultsThe LNG-IUS significantly improved the duration of menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea and hemoglobin levels at the 1st and 12th month of the treatment in Group 1 and Group 2 as compared to Group 3. Moreover, LNG-IUS had similar efficacy but significantly lower side effects when compared to Copper T380A regarding contraception. However, acne was significantly increased after insertion in women using LNG-IUS. ConclusionsThe LNG-IUS results in significant improvements in adenomyosis-associated heavy menstrual bleeding and dysmenorrhea. Moreover, this study also shows that it is an effective contraceptive method with significantly lower side effects compared to CuT 380A IUD except for acne.

The Effect of Levonorgestrel-releasing Intrauterine System (Mirena®) on the Mammographic Density and Breast Ultrasonographic Findings in Korean Premenopausal Women

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS, Mirena) on the mammographic density, mammographic findings and breast ultrasonographic findings in Korean premenopausal women. Methods: We reviewed medical records of 639 premenopausal women, who inserted LNG-IUS in our department from 20002011. Among these, 46 women, who underwent regular mammography (MMG) or breast ultrasonography (USG) examination in radiology department before and after insertion of the LNG-IUS after establishment of picture archiving and communication system (PACS) system in our hospital were finally included in this analysis. We compared the findings of MMG and breast USG between preand post-insertion of LNG-IUS. We also checked the pathologic results of any breast biopsy performed in these study participants. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to investigate the changes preand postinsertion of LNG-IUS. Results: The mean age of participants was 42.3 ± 4.9 years and the mean interval period for MMG and US follow-up (FU) was 25.5 ± 10.8 months and 25.2 ± 11.5 months, respectively. The density of MMG before insertion of LNG-IUS correlated well with the FU MMG density. The findings of MMG and US also correlated well before and after insertion of LNG-IUS. There was no case of breast cancer among women who were supposed to undergo breast biopsy because of abnormal findings in MMG and US. Conclusion: The use of LNG-IUS did not cause any changes in MMG density, findings of MMG, and findings of breast USG in healthy premenopausal Korean women. (J Korean Soc Menopause 2012;18:187-192)